卢克莱修

　　 卢克莱修(约前99～前55) 　　Lucretius，Carus 　　古罗马哲学家。他继承古代原子学说，特别是阐述并发展了伊壁鸠鲁的哲学观点。认为物质的存在是永恒的，提出了“无物能由无中生，无物能归于无”的唯物主义观点。反对神创论，认为宇宙是无限的，有其自然发展的过程，人们只要懂得了自然现象发生的真正原因，宗教偏见便可消失。承认世界的可知性，认为感觉是事物流射出来的影像作用于人的感官的结果，是一切认识的基础和来源，驳斥了怀疑论。认为幸福在于摆脱对神和死亡的恐惧，得到精神的安宁和心情的恬静。著有哲学长诗《物性论》。 　　哲学观点： 　　“思想和灵魂的本质是有形体的……（而且是）有生死的。如果灵魂是长生不死的，并又能在出生的时候进入我们的肉体，为什么我们就不能够记住遥远的时代，也留不住以前的行动痕迹呢？如果思想的力量完全被改变了，所有对过去的记忆都丢失了，那么，我认为这与死亡毫无二致。因此，你们得承认，以前存在的灵魂已经消失了，现在存在的灵魂已经形成。” 　　Born c. 94 B.C.E. Died c. 54 B.C.E. 　　Little is known of Lucretius’s life, apart from his authorship of the poem De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things, 6 books). 　　Influenced by Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 B.C.E.) who was concerned with how to lead a happy life and achieve ataraxia (‘absence of disturbance’) 　　This concern ultimately derives from his ‘atomic theory’ (the basis of life). Epicurus gives Lucretius a materialist philosophy in which knowledge is based on sense perception NOT on a belief in the Gods 　　Lucretius does not see the world as having a divine plan and urges that we should not fear death. For him, the Gods exist but have no interest in or influence over human affairs. Instead, the Gods represent ataraxia itself, living an undisturbed and harmonious life. 　　Lucretius calls atoms ‘the ultimate law’. In other words, the matter of the universe creates the conditions in which we live and die NOT the Go