柴尔德

　　柴尔德始终不是一位硕果累累或心甘情愿的田野发掘工作者，他从事的最有名的一次发掘是在奥克尼群岛对斯卡拉·布莱的新石器时代石建村落的挖掘。他的名声主要来自于对欧洲考古所进行的广泛的综合研究活动，以及写的一些生动的考古通俗书籍。从他在第一次世界大战前所写的早期著作中可以看到他对东欧的兴趣他于年首次到多瑙河流域旅行，参观了奥地利、匈牙利和捷克斯洛伐克的遗址和博物馆。在准备撰写 《欧洲文明的开端》和《史前时代的多瑙河》的一些年里，他曾多次到访这些地区。他的后几本书贯穿着他的文化从近东经巴尔干传播到西北欧的观点．当时，东欧还是一个未知的领域。对于西方有教养的考古学家来说，语言不通是个问题，旅游条件也难以令人满意。

　　由于柴尔德很快掌握了大多数中欧语言的阅读能力，这使他有可能广泛地阅览考古文献。他获得的这一技能是令人羡慕的，已经达到娴熟的状态，但他在地名方面的语法错误又表明他还远不够火候，他的发音听起来简直可怕。他坚持同外国考古学家说他们本国的语言，结果常常闹出笑话。

　　vere gordon childe, the most celebrated archaeological synthesizer and theorist of his generation, was born in North Sydney, Australia, 14 April 1892. He graduated from Sydney University in 1913 with first-class honors in Latin, Greek, and philosophy. At Oxford University in England, his interest in European prehistory was aroused by a desire to locate the homeland of the Indo-Europeans. He returned to Australia in 1916 and became involved in anticonscription and Labour politics, serving from 1919 to 1921 as private secretary to John Storey, the Labour premier of New South Wales.

　　After the defeat of the Labour government of New South Wales in 1921, Childe returned to the study of European prehistory, paying special attention to the Balkans. In 1925, he published The Dawn of European Civilization, a milestone in the development of culture-historical archaeology. Childe combined the concept of “the archaeological culture,” refined by the German archaeologist gustaf kossinna to try to trace the histories of specific peoples in the archaeological record, with the diffusionism of the Swedish archaeologist oscar montelius. Montelius believed that in prehistoric times technological skills had spread to Europe from their place of origin in the Middle East. Like his Oxford mentors, arthur evans and john myres, Childe stressed the creativity with which Europeans had utilized this knowledge.

　　Childe was the Abercromby Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology at the University of Edinburgh of European archaeology and director of the Institute of Archaeology at the University of London from 1946 until he retired in 1956. Throughout these years he carried out numerous archaeological excavations and surveys in Scotland and also visited many excavations in Europe and the Middle East.

　　Although Childe was primarily a European prehistorian, for the rest of his life he sought a better understanding of cultural change. Beginning with The Most Ancient East (1928), he sought to delineate the revolutionary impacts that the development of agriculture and bronze working had on various parts of the Middle East and Europe. Instead of treating technological innovation as an independent variable that brought about cultural change, he sought to trace the reciprocal relations between it and specific environments, economies, and political systems. He saw changes occurring in a multilinear, not a unilinear, fashion.

　　In 1935, Childe visited the Soviet Union. Although he disapproved of the dogmatism imposed on Soviet archaeologists, he was impressed by the attention being paid to how ordinary people lived in prehistoric times and by Marxist interpretations of cultural evolution. In Man Makes Himself (1936) and What Happened in History (1942), Childe examined, from an evolutionary perspective, how elites and inflexible belief systems could halt economic and social progress but only at the cost of undermining a societyu2019s ability to compete with more progressive neighbors.

　　After World War II, disillusionment with the declining quality of Soviet archaeology led Childe to acquire a more profound understanding of Marxism as an analytical tool and to try to apply it to the interpretation of archaeological data. He attempted to reconcile the observation that all human behavior is culturally mediated with a materialist view of causality. In Prehistory of European Society (1958), he stressed that social and political organization provided the framework within which all archaeological data could most productively be understood.

　　Troubled by failing health and fearing that incipient senility was preventing him from devising new procedures for inferring social organization from archaeological data, Childe, jumped to his death from a cliff in the Blue Mountains of Australia on 19 October 1957.