弗朗西斯·德雷克（航海探险家）

弗朗西斯·德雷克（英文：Francis Drake、尊称：Sir Francis Drake）出生于英国德文郡一个贫苦农民的家中，从学徒干到水手，最后成为商船船长，而赞助人就是当时的伊丽莎白女王。当时的英国虽已开始过渡到生产力急速发展的资本主义时期，但由于原始积累不够，还不能算是航海大国，当时欧洲的海上霸主是西班牙。早在15世纪，伟大的航海家哥伦布就在西班牙的赞助下发现了美洲大陆。后来麦哲伦又完成了环球航行，使得西班牙对海洋的认识远远超过了其他欧洲国家，西班牙率先进入美洲，葡萄牙人则开进了印度。

1519年西班牙人找到了传说中的黄金之国，在毁灭了阿兹特克和印加这两支玛雅人的后裔文明后，彻底控制了南美大陆，控制了秘鲁的金矿。为了垄断与亚洲和美洲的贸易，他们封锁了航路，严禁一切他国船只的来往，非西班牙的船只甚至连太平洋都没有见过，太平洋变成了西班牙的私海。英法等国虽有怨气，却也是敢怒不敢言，只得通过奴隶贸易分一些油水。

1567年：德雷克第一次探险航行，从英国出发，横越大西洋，到达加勒比海。

1569年：第二次探险航行，从加勒比海再往前，到达了中美洲。

1577年：第三次探险航行，德雷克循着麦哲伦的航线出发。由英国前往南大西洋，抵达了南美洲东海岸。

1578年：发现了合恩角和德雷克海峡，德雷克海峡就是用他的姓氏命名。8月时德雷克通过了南美洲南端最危险的麦哲伦海峡。在航程中，德雷克将舰队旗舰鹈鹕号（Pelican）改名为金鹿号（Golden Hind），因为此船赞助人海顿爵士的徽章盾牌上是一只金鹿。

1579年：德雷克与金鹿号在沿着南美洲西岸往北航行，北上一直航行到北纬48度的加拿大西海岸，发现无法通过北冰洋，只好改为横越太平洋向西航行，经过菲律宾群岛，穿过马六甲海峡，横越印度洋，绕好望角再次横越大西洋。

1580年：9月26日，回到英国普利茅斯。外部联结：三次远航的地图。

1581年：4月，女王伊丽莎白一世亲自登船赐德雷克皇家爵士头衔。

1588年：德雷克成为海军中将，在军旅中曾击退西班牙无敌舰队（Spanish Armada）攻击。

1596年：1月28日，他因痢疾病逝于巴拿马。

一、初次探险

1567年德雷克第一次探险航行，从英国出发，横越大西洋，到达加勒比海。

二、结怨

1568年，德雷克和他的表兄约翰·霍金斯从事贩卖黑奴的生意，他们带领五艘贩奴船前往墨西哥，由于受到风暴袭击，船只受到严重损坏，起先，西班牙总督同意他们进港修理，但在几天后突然下令攻击，将英国船员全部处死，仅有德雷克和霍金斯逃离虎口，捡了一条命。从此以后他就有了一颗仇恨西班牙的心，他发誓在有生之年一定要向西班牙复仇，就此确定了其一生的轨迹。

三、二次探险

1569年第二次探险航行，从加勒比海再往前，到达了中美洲。

四、成名

1572年，德雷克召集了一批人乘坐小船偷偷横渡大西洋，躲进了巴拿马地峡，像当年的探险家一样，横穿了美洲大陆，第一次见到了浩瀚的太平洋，在南美丛林里他们蹲守了近一个月后，抢劫了运送黄金的骡队，又抢下了几艘西班牙大帆船，成功的返回了英国成为了英雄，这次行动的意义并不仅仅在于获得黄金，更重要的是德雷克证明了西班牙人并不是不可侵犯的，他受到女王的召见，并很快成为了女王的亲信。

1577年，他再次从英国出发，乘着旗舰“金鹿”号直奔美洲沿岸，一路打劫西班牙商船，西班牙人做梦也想不到，竟然有人敢在“自家后院胡闹”，当他们派出军舰追击时，德雷克早已逃往南方，但由于西班牙的封锁，他无法通过狭窄的麦哲伦海峡，在一次猛烈的风暴中，“金鹿”号同船队其它伙伴失散了，被向南吹了5°之多，来到了西班牙人也未曾到过的地方，自从麦哲伦海峡被发现以来人们一直认为海峡以南的火地岛就是传说中的南方大陆的一部分，但此时呈现在德雷克面前的是一片汪洋大海，德雷克被这意外的发现惊呆了，他很高兴的向大家宣布“传说中的南方大陆是不存在的，即使存在，也一定是在南方更寒冷的地方，”（直到今天我们还称这片广阔的水域为“德雷克海峡”），但德雷克却一直向西横渡了太平洋。

1579年7月23日，他到达了马里亚纳群岛，8月22日穿过北回归线，9月26日回到了阔别已久的普次茅斯港，再次成为了“民众的英雄”，这次航行是继麦哲伦之后的第二次环球航行，但德雷克却是第一个自始至终指挥环球航行的船长。德雷克带回了数以吨计的黄金白银，丰富了女王的腰包，更重要的是德雷克为英国开辟了一条新航路，大大促进了英国航海业的发展，而且他还发现了宽阔的德雷克海峡，自此以后，太平洋再也不是西班牙的海了，做为一个探险家德雷克的业绩到此为止，但作为海战史上著名的海战专家，他的冒险才刚刚开始。

五、扭转局势

1587年，英国女王伊丽莎白处死了亲西班牙的苏格兰女王玛丽，西班牙对英宣战，积怨已久的两国终于拔剑相向，但当时，英国海军还非常弱小，仅有三十四艘战舰，根本无力与西葡联盟作战，危机时刻，德雷克带领着25只海盗船赶到了。沿着西班牙的海岸，德雷克开始“外科手术式的清洗”在加的斯港外他击沉了36艘西班牙补给舰，接着又冲进加的斯港击沉了33艘西班牙船只，5月15日，德雷克舰队突袭里斯本附近的舶锚地，在混乱中千百艘船只相撞沉没，损失无以估量。接着，他又攻占了圣维森特角要塞，扼住了地中海的咽喉，在回国的路上，他又打劫了西班牙国王菲利普二世的私人运宝船，抢到了价值11万镑的财富。由于这一系列的行动，战争至少延后了一年，从而为英国争取到了宝贵的时间。

六、西班牙舰队覆灭

1588年5月20日，由10个支队，130条船舰组成的西班牙“无敌舰队”从里斯本起航，7月19日，开始在英吉利海峡步阵，英国方面除三十四艘皇家海军战舰外，还有私人船舰60艘，前锋是由34艘战舰组成“德雷克支队”，德雷克的表兄海盗船长霍金斯也赶来帮忙，两人准备一起为当年死于墨西哥湾的同伴们报仇。英方的总指挥是霍华德勋爵，西班牙方面则是米地拉公爵领军，此时的西班牙战舰仍旧是以老式的楼船为主，这种船非常大除了水手外，还装满步兵，火力配备主要以重型的加农炮为主，作战的西班牙海军仍旧使用古老的横队战术，即是让舰船肩并肩的前进，用舰首炮轰击后靠近敌船打接舷战。十七年前，西班牙人就是凭借着这种战术取得了勒班托海战的胜利，但此时英国人却采用了更为先进的战术，英国战舰多为船身轻便的快帆船，除了水手外，不带任何步兵，这种船灵活轻便，更易于转向和突进，而且根本舍弃了“接舷战”这种落后的方式，用德雷克的话说：“海上的事要由船来解决，和步兵没有关系。”在火力配备方面英国人使用轻型的长炮且多布置在两舷，战斗时则采用德雷克发明“纵队战术”，让舰船首尾相接的排列，用舷炮轰击，这是海战史上的一次革命，自此以后火炮才取代步兵成为海战的主角，就这样在战争还没开始前，西班牙舰队覆灭的命运就已经注定好了。

七、巅峰状态

7月22日晨英国舰队借着顺风，以“一条单长线”的队型楔入西班牙舰队，由于先进的战术和灵活的机动性，没有一艘船被西班牙陆军抢占，到7月25日西班牙已经损失了十分之一的舰船，而英国方面则汇合了西莫尔勋爵的援军使舰船总数达到136艘，7月28日晚，在德雷克等人的建议下，霍华德下令采取古老的火船战术，(参看“赤壁之战”)西班牙舰队阵脚大乱，无法保持队形，英舰趁机突击。从29日上午9时，到下午6时，双方舰队在没有编队的情况下，互相混杂，三五成群的对射，直到都没有炮弹为止，西班牙损失了近一半的船只死伤1400人，英军则一船未沉且死伤不足百人，这就是史上著名的英西大海战，自此以后，西班牙一蹶不振，英国逐渐取代其成为海上的霸主，而德雷克则被封为英格兰勋爵，登上海盗史上的最高峰。

Francis Drake, eldest of twelve children,was born in Crowndale in about 1540. His father, Edmund Drake, was a passionate supporter of Martin Luther and during the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1948, was forced to flee with his family to Chatham in Kent.

Drake was apprenticed to a Thames captain in the 1550s, and in 1563 joined his cousin, John Hawkins, on a voyage to Africa. The two men started capturing people in Sierra Leone and selling them as slaves to Spanish settlers in the Caribbean. As it was illegal for the settlers to buy from foreigners, Hawkins and Drake soon came into conflict with the Spanish authorities.

His first command was in 1567 when he took part in a successful attack on Spanish ships in the port of San Juan de Ulua. He returned to Plymouth with gold and silver worth over ￡40,000. Drake, a committed Protestant, saw himself as an instrument of God in his crusade against Philip II and the Spanish Empire. This was followed by voyages to the West Indies and in 1572 he seized gold and silver in the Americas and the Atlantic.

With the secret sponsorship of Elizabeth I, Francis Walsingham and Christopher Hatton, Drake continued to attack Spanish treasure ships. In 1579 he rounded the Straits of Magellan, and was the captain of the first ship, the Golden Hind, to sail into the Pacific Ocean. In June, 1579, he landed in California. When Drake arrived in England in September 1580, he became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world.

Drake return to England as a very wealthy man and he was able to purchase the Buckland Abbey estate. In 1581 Elizabeth I knighted Drake and later that year he was elected to the House of Commons.

Drake carried out a successful raid of the Spanish Caribbean (1584-85) and managed to rescue the remaining English colonists in Virginia and returned to Portsmouth in 1586. He also led the expedition which wrecked the Spanish fleet at Cadiz in 1587.

In July 1588 131 ships in the Spanish Armada left for England. The large Spanish galleons were filled with 17,000 well-armed soldiers and 180 Catholic priests. The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers. The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers that were under the command of Alessandro Farnese, the Duke of Parma.

On hearing the news Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, held a council-of-war. Lord Howard decided to divide the fleet into squadrons. Francis Drake, John Hawkins and Martin Frobisher were chosen as the three other commanders of the fleet.

Howard went in his flagship, the Ark Royal (800 tons and a crew of 250). Frobisher was given command of the largest ship in the fleet, the Triumpth (1,110 tons and a crew of 500 men) whereas Drake was the captain of the Revenge (500 tons and a crew of 250) and Hawkins was aboard the Victory (800 tons and a crew of 250).

Lord Howard decided that the Spanish Armada should be attacked at both ends of the crescent. The Ark Royal attacked the right wing and the Revenge and the Triumph attacked Juan Martinez, de Recalde, commander of the Biscayan squadron on the left. Recalde on board the San Juan de Portugal decided to come out and fight the English ships. He was followed by Gran Grin and the two ships soon got into trouble and had to be rescued by the Duke of Medina Sidonia on board the San Martin.

At the end of the first day’s fighting, only one ship was sunk. This was Spain’s San Salvador when a tremendous explosion tore out its stern castle and killed 200 members of the crew. It was later discovered that a gunner’s carelessness resulted in a spark reaching the gunpowder in the rear hold.

The following morning Francis Drake and the crew of Revenge captured the crippled Rosario. This included Admiral Pedro de Vales and all his crew. Drake also found 55,000 gold ducats on board.

That afternoon Medina Sidonia announced that if any Spanish ship broke formation the captain would be hanged immediately. He also told his captains that they must maintain a tight formation in order to prevent further attacks from the English ships. This decision meant that they could only move towards Dunkirk at the speed of the slowest ship.

Constantly harassed by the English ships the slow moving Spanish Armada eventually reached Calais without further loss. The English fleet now dropped anchor half a mile away. Soon afterwards they were joined by Lord Henry Seymour and his squadron of ships that had been controlling the seas off Dunkirk. This increased the English fleet by a third and was now similar in size to that of the Spanish fleet.

The Duke of Medina Sidonia now sent a message to the Duke of Parma in Dunkirk: "I am anchored here two leagues from Calais with the enemy’s fleet on my flank. They can cannonade me whenever they like, and I shall be unable to do them much harm in return." He asked Parma to send fifty ships to help him break out of Calais. Parma was unable to help as he had less than twenty ships and most of those were not yet ready to sail.

That night Medina Sidonia sent out a warning to his captains that he expected a fire-ship attack. This tactic had been successfully used by Francis Drake in Cadiz in 1587 and the fresh breeze blowing steadily from the English fleet towards Calais, meant the conditions were ideal for such an attack. He warned his captains not to panic and not to head out to the open sea. Medina Sidonia confidently told them that his patrol boats would be able to protect them from any fire-ship attack that took place.

Medina Sidonia had rightly calculated what would happen. Charles Howard and Francis Drake were already organizing the fire-ship attack. It was decided to use eight fairly large ships for the operation. All the masts and rigging were tarred and all the guns were left on board and were primed to go off of their own accord when the fire reached them. John Young, one of Drake’s men, was put in charge of the fire-ships.

Soon after midnight the eight ships were set fire to and sent on their way. The Spaniards were shocked by the size of the vessels. Nor had they expected the English to use as many as eight ships. The Spanish patrol ships were unable to act fast enough to deal with the problem. The Spanish captains also began to panic when the guns began exploding. They believed that the English were using hell-burners (ships crammed with gunpowder). This tactic had been used against the Spanish in 1585 during the siege of Antwerp when over a thousand men had been killed by exploding ships.

The fire-ships did not in fact cause any material damage to the Spanish ships at all. They drifted until they reached the beach where they continued to burn until the fire reached the water line. Medina Sidonia, on board the San Martin, had remained near his original anchorage. However, only a few captains had followed his orders and the vast majority had broken formation and sailed into the open sea.

At first light Medina Sidonia and his six remaining ships left Calais and attempted to catch up with the 130 ships strung out eastwards towards the Dunkirk sandbanks. Some Spanish ships had already been reached by the English fleet and were under heavy attack. San Lorenzo, a ship carrying 312 oarsmen, 134 sailors and 235 soldiers, was stranded on the beach and was about to be taken by the English.

With their formation broken, the Spanish ships were easy targets for the English ships loaded with guns that could fire very large cannon balls. The Spanish captains tried to get their ships in close so that their soldiers could board the English vessels. However, the English ships were quicker than the Spanish galleons and were able to keep their distance.

The battle of Gravelines continued all day. One of the most exciting contests was between Francis Drake in the Revenge and Duke of Medina Sidonia in the San Martin. Drake’s ship was hit several times before being replaced by Thomas Fenner in the Nonpareil and Edmund Sheffield in the White Bear, who continued the fight without success.

All over the area of sea between Gravelines and Dunkirk fights took place between English and Spanish ships. By late afternoon most ships were out of gunpowder. The Duke of Medina Sidonia was now forced to head north with what was left of the Spanish Armada. The English ships did not follow as Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, was convinced that most Spanish ships were so badly damaged they would probably sink before they reached a safe port.

That evening Francis Drake wrote to a friend: "God hath given us so good a day in forcing the enemy so far to leeward, as I hope in God the Duke of Parma and the Duke of Sidonia shall not shake hands this few days".

After the Armada rounded Scotland it headed south for home. However, a strong gale drove many of the ships onto the Irish rocks. Thousands of Spaniards drowned and even those who reached land were often killed by English soldiers and settlers. Of the 25,000 men that had set out in the Armada, less than 10,000 arrived home safely.

Drake led a disastrous attack on Portugal in 1589. He returned to England and became mayor of Plymouth in 1593. He went on another exhibition to the Caribbean in 1595 and the following year died of dysentery at Porto Bello.

1937年－1970年，有33年的时间，英国的钱币半便士（Half Penny）上一直以德雷克的金鹿号为图案。英国文化中有一首民谣叫做“德雷克的鼓（Drake’s drum） ”，大意是说，如果英国蒙难，只要德雷克的鼓又响了，他就一定会回来为英国解难。

据美国一家海盗博物馆的消息称，在巴拿马海域找到了传奇航海家弗朗西斯·德雷克的沉船。由于经过了4个世纪的岁月，两艘船破损均非常严重。据称，目前可判断是德雷克的船员在他死后将船沉入了海底。详细情况还有待进一步证实。